# zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics

##### Examples
 Geometry Search for the term Geometry in any field. Queries are case-independent. Funct* Wildcard queries are specified by * (e.g. functions, functorial, etc.). Otherwise the search is exact. "Topological group" Phrases (multi-words) should be set in "straight quotation marks". au: Bourbaki & ti: Algebra Search for author and title. The and-operator & is default and can be omitted. Chebyshev | Tschebyscheff The or-operator | allows to search for Chebyshev or Tschebyscheff. "Quasi* map*" py: 1989 The resulting documents have publication year 1989. so: Eur* J* Mat* Soc* cc: 14 Search for publications in a particular source with a Mathematics Subject Classification code (cc) in 14. "Partial diff* eq*" ! elliptic The not-operator ! eliminates all results containing the word elliptic. dt: b & au: Hilbert The document type is set to books; alternatively: j for journal articles, a for book articles. py: 2000-2015 cc: (94A | 11T) Number ranges are accepted. Terms can be grouped within (parentheses). la: chinese Find documents in a given language. ISO 639-1 language codes can also be used.

##### Operators
 a & b logic and a | b logic or !ab logic not abc* right wildcard "ab c" phrase (ab c) parentheses
##### Fields
 any anywhere an internal document identifier au author, editor ai internal author identifier ti title la language so source ab review, abstract py publication year rv reviewer cc MSC code ut uncontrolled term dt document type (j: journal article; b: book; a: book article)
Weierstrass and approximation theory. (English) Zbl 0968.41001

This is a lovely article on Weierstrass and the early development of approximation theory. It begins with a short biography of Weierstrass. Two main themes stand out in his work: To set a new standard of rigor in analysis, and his love for power series or more generally for function series. The first theme is documented by his construction of a continuous, nowhere differentiable function which was shocking to the mathematical community at the time. Weierstrass presented this in his lectures since 1861 but published his example (using a cosine series) in 1872. Further history on that by Bolzano, Riemann, Takagi, and du Bois-Reymond is mentioned. The second theme is documented by the Fundamental Theorem of Approximation Theory: Algebraic polynomials are dense in $C\left[a,b\right]$, where $-\infty . This was published by Weierstrass. in 1885 when he was 70 years old, and proved by representing $f\in C\left[a,b\right]$ as a limit of integrals ${\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }$ depending on a parameter $k$. Thus $f$ is the uniform limit of a sequence of entire functions and hence of a sequence of polynomials. Weierstrass. states and proves also the analogous theorem about the density of trigonometric polynomials.

The author then lists and analyses further proofs (before 1913) of the Fundamental Theorem. He puts them into three groups. In Group 1 there are proofs based on singular integrals (Weierstrass, Picard, Fejér, Landau), while those in Group 2 are based on the approximation of a particular function, like a polygonal function (Runge, Lebesgue, Mittag-Leffler, Lerch). Left over are those in Group 3 by Bernstein, Volterra, Lerch.

It is interesting to note that Runge proved (also in 1885!) that rational functions are dense in $C\left[a,b\right]$ but overlooked the fact that this is true already for polynomials. Lebesgue reduces the Fundamental Theorem to the special case $f\left(x\right)=|x|$, and he raises (1908) apparently for the first time questions about the speed of approximation, three years before Jackson’s dissertation appeared.

The last section deals with various generalizations: Müntz’s theorem, Hermite-Fejér interpolation, Carleman’s theorem, Stone-Weierstrass, and Bohman-Korovkin. All these theorems are given with full explanation, proofs, as well as historical notes. It is clear that this article is necessary reading for all approximators.

##### MSC:
 41-02 Research monographs (approximations and expansions)
##### Keywords:
approximation theory