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Recent results on functional equations in a single variable, perspectives and open problems. (English) Zbl 0972.39011

In 1990 M. Kuczma, B. Choczewski, and R. Ger published their book “Iterative functional equations” in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications series of Cambridge University Press (1990; Zbl 0703.39005). The present very thorough survey (with 281 references!) picks up the thread of works on iterative functional equations (“functional equations in a single variable”: not (only) the unknown functions are of a single variable; also equation contains just one variable) where the 1990 book left and runs with it (and with some prior results). The detailed discussion is, of necessity, more selective. The following very incomplete sampling of some (families of) functional equations discussed (in general for real valued solutions $f,$ for real variable(s)) shows, however, the richness of its contents:

${\sum }_{j=0}^{N}{a}_{j}{f}^{j}\left(x\right)=F\left(x\right)$ $\left({f}^{j}$ is the $j$th iterate of $f$); its particular case ${a}_{0}=\cdots ={a}_{N-1}=0,{a}_{N}=1$, determining $N$th iterative roots;

linear equations ${\sum }_{j=0}^{N}{A}_{j}\left(x\right)f\left[{g}_{j}\left(x\right)\right]=F\left(x\right);$

the composite equations $f\left(F\left[x,f\left(x\right)\right]\right)=G\left[x,f\left(x\right)\right]$ of invariant curves;

Feigenbaum’s equation $f\left[f\left(cx\right)\right]+cf\left(x\right)=0;$

the integrated Cauchy equation $f\left(x\right)={\int }_{S}f\left(x+y\right)\sigma \left(dy\right)\left(S$ is a Borel set, $\sigma$ a Borel measure on it);

the generalized dilatation equation $f\left(x\right)={\sum }_{j=0}^{N}{c}_{j}f\left({a}_{j}x+{b}_{j}\right);$

Schilling’s equation $4qf\left(qx\right)=f\left(x-1\right)+f\left(x+1\right)+2f\left(x\right)$ (with solutions of remarkably different nature for different $q$);

Daróczy’s equation $f\left(x\right)=f\left(x+1\right)+f\left[x\left(x+1\right)\right];$

extended (systems of) replicative equation(s) ${\sum }_{j=0}^{n-1}f\left[\left(x+j\right)/n\right]={\sum }_{k=1}^{\infty }{g}_{n}\left(k\right)f\left(kx\right)$ $\left(n=1,2,\cdots \right)$ (some “pathological functions” are characterized by similar equations);

Abel’s equation $f\left[g\left(x\right)\right]=f\left(x\right)+1;$

Schröder’s equation $f\left[g\left(x\right)\right]=cf\left(x\right);$

and (this one on complex functions) $P\left[z,f\left(z\right),f\left(qz\right)\right]=0,$ where $P$ is a polynomial.

Some functional inequalities and equations for set valued functions are also discussed.

MSC:
 39B12 Iterative and composite functional equations 39-02 Research monographs (functional equations) 26A18 Iteration of functions of one real variable 26A27 Nondifferentiability of functions of one real variable; discontinuous derivatives 26E25 Set-valued real functions 28C20 Set functions and measures and integrals in infinite-dimensional spaces 39B22 Functional equations for real functions 39B32 Functional equations for complex functions 39B62 Functional inequalities, including subadditivity, convexity, etc. (functional equations)