A geometrical derivation of the shape density. (English) Zbl 0736.60012

Goodall, Colin R.; Mardia, Kanti V.

Adv. Appl. Probab. 23, No. 3, 496-514 (1991).

Summary: The density for the shapes of random configurations of \(N\) independent Gaussian-distributed landmarks in the plane with unequal means was first derived by K. V. Mardia and I. L. Dryden [ibid. 21, No. 4, 742-755 (1989; Zbl 0686.60017)]. D. G. Kendall [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 16, 81-121 (1984; Zbl 0579.62100) and Jahresber. Dtsch. Math.-Ver. 91, No. 2, 93-107 (1989; Zbl 0672.60018)] described a hierarchy of spaces for landmarks, including Euclidean figure space containing the original configuration, preform space (with location removed), preshape space (with location and scale removed), and shape space. We derive the joint density of the landmark points in each of these intermediate spaces, culminating in confirmation of the Mardia-Dryden result in shape space. This three-step derivation is an appealing alternative to the single-step original derivation, and also provides strong geometrical motivation and insight into Kendall’s hierarchy. Preform space and preshape space are respectively Euclidean space with dimension \(2(N-1)\) and the sphere in that space, and thus the first two steps are reasonably familiar. The third step, from preshape space to shape space, is more interesting. The quotient by the rotation group partitions the preshape sphere into equivalence classes of preshapes with the same shape. We introduce a canonical system of preshape coordinates that include \(2(N-2)\) polar coordinates for shape and one coordinate for rotation. Integration over the rotation coordinate gives the Mardia-Dryden result. However, the usual geometrical intuition fails because the set of preshapes keeping the rotation coordinate (however chosen) fixed is not an integrable manifold. We characterize the geometry of the quotient operation through the relationships between distances in preshape space and distances among the corresponding shapes.

MSC:

60D05

Geometric probability and stochastic geometry

Keywords:

Gaussian-distributed landmarks; Kendall’s hierarchy; preshape space; size-and-shape; Riemannian submersion

Citations:

Zbl 0686.60017; Zbl 0579.62100; Zbl 0672.60018