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Exactly solvable and unsolvable shortest network problems in 3D-space. (English) Zbl 1062.05037
Summary: A problem is defined to be exactly solvable if its solution can be obtained by solving a sequence of polynomials using radicals. Therefore, if a problem is not exactly solvable, then we have to use approximation schemes for solving the problem. It has been proved that the shortest network problem in space is not exactly solvable even if the network spans only four points and even if the topology is known. On the other hand, if the network spans three points, then obviously the problem is exactly solvable. In a previous paper we have shown that the shortest network problem for three points is still exactly solvable if only one point is constrained on a straight line but it becomes non-exactly solvable if two points are constrained on straight lines. In this paper we continue to reduce the gap between the exact solvability and non-solvability by studying the shortest networks with gradient constraints. The motivation of this study also comes from a practical network problem: designing an underground mining network so that the ore in two underground deposits can be extracted through tunnels either directly to a vertical shaft and then hauled up to the ground, or extracted to a tunnel in an existing underground mining network and then transported to the ground. For technical reasons the gradient of any tunnel cannot be very steep. We prove that in the former case the shortest network problem is exactly solvable, while in the latter case the exact solvability depends on edge gradients. Moreover, we show that there are good iterative approximations for the non-exactly solvable shortest network problems in space.

##### MSC:
 05C05 Trees 94C15 Applications of graph theory to circuits and networks
##### Keywords:
Steiner network; unsolvability
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