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On microscopic origins of generalized gradient structures. (English) Zbl 1515.35127

Summary: Classical gradient systems have a linear relation between rates and driving forces. In generalized gradient systems we allow for arbitrary relations derived from general non-quadratic dissipation potentials. This paper describes two natural origins for these structures.
A first microscopic origin of generalized gradient structures is given by the theory of large-deviation principles. While Markovian diffusion processes lead to classical gradient structures, Poissonian jump processes give rise to cosh-type dissipation potentials.
A second origin arises via a new form of convergence, that we call EDP-convergence. Even when starting with classical gradient systems, where the dissipation potential is a quadratic functional of the rate, we may obtain a generalized gradient system in the evolutionary \(\Gamma\)-limit. As examples we treat (i) the limit of a diffusion equation having a thin layer of low diffusivity, which leads to a membrane model, and (ii) the limit of diffusion over a high barrier, which gives a reaction-diffusion system.

MSC:

35K55 Nonlinear parabolic equations
35Q82 PDEs in connection with statistical mechanics
49S05 Variational principles of physics
49J40 Variational inequalities
49J45 Methods involving semicontinuity and convergence; relaxation
60F10 Large deviations
60J25 Continuous-time Markov processes on general state spaces
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