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Particle and entropy production in the running vacuum universe. (English) Zbl 1437.83175

Summary: We study particle production and the corresponding entropy increase in the context of cosmology with dynamical vacuum. We focus on the particular form that has been called “running vacuum model” (RVM), which is known to furnish a successful description of the overall current observations at a competitive level with the concordance \(\Lambda\)CDM model. It also provides an elegant global explanation of the cosmic history from a non-singular initial state in the very early universe up to our days and further into the final de Sitter era. The model has no horizon problem and offers an alternative explanation for the early inflation and its graceful exit, as well as a powerful mechanism for generating the large entropy of the current universe. The energy-momentum tensor of matter is generally non-conserved in such context owing to particle creation or annihilation. We analyze general thermodynamical aspects of particle and entropy production in the RVM. We first study the entropy of particles in the comoving volume during the early universe and late universe. Then, in order to obtain a more physical interpretation, we pay attention to the entropy contribution from the cosmological apparent horizon, its interior and its surface. On combining the inner volume entropy with the entropy on the horizon, we elucidate with detailed calculations whether the evolution of the entropy of the RVM universe satisfies the generalized second law of thermodynamics. We find it is so and we prove that the essential reason for it is the existence of a positive cosmological constant.

MSC:

83F05 Relativistic cosmology
83C57 Black holes
83-02 Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to relativity and gravitational theory
83C47 Methods of quantum field theory in general relativity and gravitational theory
00A79 Physics
53C80 Applications of global differential geometry to the sciences
80A10 Classical and relativistic thermodynamics
83C45 Quantization of the gravitational field
81P17 Quantum entropies
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