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A calculus for plumbing applied to the topology of complex surface singularities and degenerating complex curves. (English) Zbl 0546.57002
In this important paper the author describes and gives numerous applications of the algorithm which allows one to decide whether two 3-manifolds obtained by plumbing according to a graph of $$S^ 1$$-bundles over compact surfaces (possibly with boundary) are homeomorphic. Namely the manifolds associated with two graphs are the same if and only if there is a sequence of moves (which belong to 8 types) which transforms one graph into the other. Practical applications are based on the use of normal forms to which any graph can be reduced and such that manifolds corresponding to different graphs are distinct. As the author points out, this calculus is implicit in F. Waldhausen’s work [Invent. Math. 3, 308-333; ibid. 4, 87-117 (1967; Zbl 0168.445)] on classification of graph manifolds. The author earlier used this calculus to define an integral invariant of plumbed homology spheres [Lect. Notes Math. 788, 125-144 (1980; Zbl 0436.57002)]. Closely related to the author’s calculus is Bonahon and Siebenmann’s census of oriented diffeomorphism types of manifolds arising from weighted trees. This technique is applied to the analysis of two types of 3-manifolds naturally appearing in algebraic geometry. The first type is the singularity links, i.e., the boundaries of regular neighbourhoods of isolated singularities of complex surfaces.
The main result is that with two exceptions the fundamental group of the singularity link determines the genera, normal bundles and intersection numbers of a minimal good resolution of the singularity (i.e., the resolution in which all intersections are normal crossings, no more than two curves intersect in one point and there are no $$CP^ 1$$’s with self-intersection $$-1$$). The exceptional singularity links which do not determine the resolution are the lens spaces $$L(p,q)$$ and the torus bundles over circles with monodromy $$A\in SL_ 2({\mathbb{Z}})$$ such that trace $$A$$ is $$\geq 3$$. Among other facts the author shows that the singularity links are irreducible 3-manifolds (Problem 3.20 in R. Kirby’s list [Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 32, Part 2, 273-312 (1978; Zbl 0394.57002)]) and that the resolution of a singularity is star-shaped provided the singularity link is a Seifert manifold. Another interesting result is that a complex surface V is topologically the suspension of a closed 3-manifold if and only if it is homeomorphic to an Inoue surface [M. Inoue, Complex Anal. algebr. Geom. 91-106 (1977; Zbl 0365.14011)].
The second type of 3-manifold arising from algebraic geometry is the link of families of curves. The latter are the manifolds of the form $$\pi^{- 1}(\partial D)$$, where $$\pi: W\to D$$ is an analytic map of a complex surface on the unit disk such that all fibres except the one over the origin are nonsingular complete algebraic curves. The main result is that the fundamental group of the link of a minimal good family of curves defines the numerical type of the family, i.e., genera, normal bundles and intersection numbers of components.

##### MSC:
 57N10 Topology of general $$3$$-manifolds (MSC2010) 32S05 Local complex singularities 14E15 Global theory and resolution of singularities (algebro-geometric aspects) 57M05 Fundamental group, presentations, free differential calculus 57R19 Algebraic topology on manifolds and differential topology 14J30 $$3$$-folds 14J25 Special surfaces 32J25 Transcendental methods of algebraic geometry (complex-analytic aspects) 14H15 Families, moduli of curves (analytic) 14B05 Singularities in algebraic geometry 14E20 Coverings in algebraic geometry
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