Rosenbaum, Paul R. Covariance adjustment in radomized experiments and observational studies. (English) Zbl 1013.62117 Stat. Sci. 17, No. 3, 286-327 (2002). Summary: By slightly reframing the concept of covariance adjustment in randomized experiments, a method of exact permutation inference is derived that is entirely free of distributional assumptions and uses the random assignment of treatments as the “reasoned basis for inference.” This method of exact permutation inference may be used with many forms of covariance adjustment, including robust regression and locally weighted smoothers. The method is then generalized to observational studies where treatments were not randomly assigned, so that sensitivity to hidden biases must be examined. Adjustments using an instrumental variable are also discussed. The methods are illustrated using data from two observational studies. Cited in 60 Documents MSC: 62P99 Applications of statistics 62P10 Applications of statistics to biology and medical sciences; meta analysis 62P25 Applications of statistics to social sciences Keywords:covariance adjustment; matching; observational studies; permutation inference; propensity score; randomization inference; sensitivity analysis × Cite Format Result Cite Review PDF Full Text: DOI