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Hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials and their $q$-analogues. With a foreword by Tom H. Koornwinder. (English) Zbl 1200.33012
Springer Monographs in Mathematics. Berlin: Springer (ISBN 978-3-642-05013-8/hbk; 978-3-642-26351-4/pbk; 978-3-642-05014-5/ebook). xix, 578 p. EUR 99.95/net; £ 90.00; SFR 155.50 (2010).
Let $L$ be a linear differential or a difference operator of second order with polynomial coefficients. The problem is to find conditions on the coefficients of $L$ to guarantee the following. For any integer $n\geq 0$ there exist a number $\lambda_n$ and a polynomial $$P_n(x)=x^n +c_{n-1} x^{n-1} + \dots +c_0$$ such that $L P_n = \lambda_n P_n$. This problem is considered in the chapters 4--6 of the book. The analogous problem with $$P_n(x)=(x(x+u))^n +c_{n-1} (x(x+u))^{n-1} + \dots +c_0$$ is considered in chapters 7--8 of the book. Let $(a)_0=1$, $(a)_k= a(a+1)\cdot \dots \cdot (a+k-1)$, $k\geq 1$, $(a_1, \dots , a_r)_k = (a_1)_k \cdot \dots \cdot (a_r)_k$. The hypergeometric function $_rF_s$ is defined by the series $$_rF_s \left( \matrix a_1,\ldots, a_r \\ b_1,\ldots, b_s \\ \endmatrix; z\right) =\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1, \dots , a_r)_k}{(b_1, \dots , b_s)_k}\frac{z^k}{k!}.$$ The polynomials of Wilson $W_n(x, a, b, c, d)$ and the polynomials of Racah $R_n(x, \alpha , \beta , \gamma , \delta)$ are defined by the formulas \align \frac{W_n(x^2, a, b, c, d)}{(a+b)_n(a+c)_n(a+d)_n} &= {}_4F_3 \left( \matrix -n, & n+a+b+c+d -1 , & a+ix,\ a-ix \\ a+b, & a+c , & a+d \\ \endmatrix; 1 \right), \\ R_n(\lambda(x), \alpha , \beta , \gamma , \delta) &= {}_4F_3 \left( \matrix -n, & n+\alpha +\beta +1 , & -x,\ x+\gamma +\delta +1 \\ \alpha +1, & \beta + \delta +1 , & \gamma +1 \\ \endmatrix ; 1 \right), \endalign $n=0, 1, \dots , N$, where $\lambda (x) = x(x+\gamma + \delta +1)$ and $\alpha +1 = -N$ or $\beta + \delta +1 = -N$ or $\gamma +1 = -N .$ Limits of the type $Q_n=\lim_{t \to \infty} h_n(t)W_n \left(x(t), a(t), b(t), c(t), d(t)\right)$ are considered. For example, $$\lim_{t\to\infty } \frac{W_n\left( \frac{1}{2}(1-x)t^2; \frac{1}{2}(\alpha +1); \frac{1}{2}(\alpha +1); \frac{1}{2}(\beta+1)+it;\frac{1}{2}(\beta+1)- it \right)}{t^{2n}n!} = P_n^{(\alpha, \beta)}(x),$$ where $P_n^{(\alpha, \beta)}(x)$ are Jacobi polynomials. It is an interesting case when $Q_n$ is a polynomial of degree $n$ depending on a set of parameters as in the example. In this case one can repeat the limiting process. Let $E$ be a set of polynomials obtained in such a way starting with $W_n(x, a, b, c, d)$ and $R_n(x, \alpha , \beta , \gamma , \delta)$. Let us take sheet of paper and write on it symbols of polynomials from $E$. We join some of the symbols by arrows. The figure $A \rightarrow B$ means that the polynomial $B$ is obtained from $A$ by the limiting process. The poster we obtain is called the Askey scheme. We see the Askey scheme on the page 189 of the book. This scheme is grounded in the chapter 9. $q$-analogues of differential and difference operators, $q$-analogues of transcendental functions are known in mathematics. There are $q$-analogues of the described results in the second part (chapters 10--14) of the book. It is pertinent to quote Askey: “A set of orthogonal polynomials is classical if it is a special case or a limiting case of the Askey-Wilson polynomials or $q$-Racah polynomials.”

##### MSC:
 33C45 Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type 33D45 Basic orthogonal polynomials and functions (Askey-Wilson polynomials, etc.)
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